Insecure Attachment refers to a pattern of emotional bonding where individuals experience fear, anxiety, or distrust in close relationships due to inconsistent, neglectful, or traumatic

The intermittent reinforcement loop is a behavioral pattern in which affection and attention are treated as “rewards” and given unpredictably or inconsistently, creating a powerful

An internal working model is a mental framework formed through early attachment experiences that shapes how individuals perceive themselves, others, and relationships. These models influence